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Chinese Words5-[XMandarin Chinese Course]
Welcome to XMandarin Chinese Course. Speak Chinese like a native speaker.
了解/知道
Both 了解and知道can be used in the English sense of “to know”. However ,while 知道is simply to have some general or superficial understanding of something , 了解implies a more comprehensive and more in-depth understanding of what one knows. One may know(知道)something but may not very much understand (了解)it. Therefore 了解can be regarded as one step further or a better knowing than 知道.For example，to ask你知道这个学校吗?nǐ zhī dao zhè ge xué xiào ma ?(Do you know this school?)is simply to ask if you know of the school or if you know anything about the school in a quite superficial manner，but to ask你了解这个学校吗? nǐ liǎo jiě zhè ge xué xiào ma ?(Do you know this school?)would connote some more information about the school：its history ，present situation faculty student ratio，characteristics，etc。In this sense，therefore，one cannot substitute 知道with了解in我不知道他是谁的孩子。wǒ bù zhī dao tā shì shuí de hái zi 。(I don’t know whose child he is )precisely because the speaker doesn’t even know whose child that boy is ,let alone knowing much about the boy. In terms of usage ,了解，but not知道，can be modified by adverbs such as 很，非常，十分，etc。Besides，了解can also be reduplicated as了解了解，while 知道 cannot.
“了解”和“知道”都有英文里“to know”的意思，但“知道”只是一般性的或较肤浅的认识，而“了解”则是比较全面、比较深入的理解。一个人可以知道某事，但不一定了解某事，因此，“了解”可被看作是比‘知道“更进一步、更深一层的认识。比如，“你知道这个学校吗?”问的只是个很肤浅的问题，如你是否知道有这样一个学校等，而“你了解这个学校吗?”则要询问更多情况，比如这个学校的历史、现状、师生比例、特色等等。从这个意义上来说，在“我不知道他是谁的孩子”一句中，便不可将“知道”替换为“了解”，因为说话者连是谁的孩子都不知道，更不用说会知道很多关于这个孩子的事情了。用法上，与“知道”不同，“了解”可被“很”、“非常”、“十分”等一些程度副词修饰。另外，“了解”还以重叠成“了解了解”，但“知道”没有这种用法。
·我知道北京大学是中国一所有名的大学。
wǒ zhī dao běi jīng dà xué shì zhōng guó yī suǒ yǒu míng de dà xué 。(I know Peking University is one of the famous universities in China。·他很了解北大，因为他在北大学习过三年。tā hěn liǎo jiě běi dà ，yīn wéi tā zài běi dà xué xí guò sān nián 。(He knows Peking University very well. Because he studied there for three years.) ·对这件事我还得好好了解了解。duì zhè jiàn shì wǒ hái dé hǎo hǎo liǎo jiě liǎo jiě 。(I will look into this matter a bit further.) 还是/或者 Their basic difference lies in the fact that 还是is mostly used in interrogative sentences to indicate a choice .whereas 或者is usually used in declarative sentences to provide several items for selection .还是is often used in colloquial speech。While或者can be used in either colloquial speech or in writing.
两者的基本不同之处在于“还是”大多用于疑问句以表示选择，而“或者”则一般用在陈述句中，提供几个项目作选择。“还是”常用于口语，而“或者”则通用于口语与书面语。
·你想去打球、游泳还是去跑步? nǐ xiǎng qù dǎ qiú yóu yǒng hái shi qù pǎo bù? (Do you want to play ball，to go swimming or to go jogging?) ·我妹妹想研究音乐或者文学。wǒ mèi mei xiǎng yán jiū yīn yuè huò zhě wén xué 。 (My younger sister wants to study music or literature.) 还是，on the other hand ,can also occur in a declarative sentence .but in such a case , it is still interrogative in tone ,whereas 或者is not。Compare the following: “还是“也可以出现在陈述句中，但在这种情况下，“还是”在语气上仍然具有疑问的意思，而“或者”则没有。比较下例：·学中文还是学日文，她一时拿不定主意。xué zhōng wén hái shi xué rì wén ，tā yī shí ná bù dìng zhǔ yi 。(To learn Chinese or to learn Japanese ,she can’t decide for the moment.) ·我看爸爸晚饭以后或者学中文，或者学日文，忙得很。wǒ kàn bà ba wǎn fàn yǐ hòu huò zhě xué zhōng wén ，huò zhě xué rì wén ，máng de hěn 。(I saw dad either studied Chinese or studied Japanese after dinner，Which kept him quite busy) Semantically,还是connects items that are mutually exclusive，In other words，one has to choose one from among the items listed and cannot take several simultaneously。或者，on the other hand，connects items that can be either mutually exclusive or not。So in the above two sentences，the first narrates the fact that she has to make a decision either to study Chinese or to study Japanese, which is mutually exclusive in the sense that if she studies Chinese ,she will not study Japanese .The second sentence ,on the other hand , tells the fact that dad would study Chinese or Japanese after dinner and he apparently studied both .So the choices in the second sentence are really not mutually exclusive.
语意上，“还是”连接互相排斥的事物，换言之，只能选择几个选项中的一个，而不能同时选几个。“或者”则不同，它可以连接互相排斥的事物，也可以连接并不互相排斥的事物。因此，在上面的两个例句中，第一句叙述她必须做出决定是学习中文还是学习日文。这是互相排斥的，因为她如果学习了中文，就将不学习日文。第二句则讲述爸爸晚饭后会学习中文或者日文，显然他两者都在学。因此第二句里的选择并不互相排斥。
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