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Chinese Grammer6-[XMandarin Chinese Course]

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又 yòu、再zài
In indicating the repetition or continuation of an action ,all two adverbs here are equivalent to the English adverb “again” and can all be translated as such .However ,they are different in their connotations and in usage.
在表示动作重复或继续进行时这两个副词都有英语副词“again”的意思，也都可以这样翻译。但其含义和用法都不一样。
In general ,又indicates a repetition or continuation of an action that is often objectively carried out in the eyes of the speaker and often it has already taken place .再，on the other hand ,implies a repetition or continuation of an action that is often subjectively done from the eyes of the speaker and it will often be done in the future .So ,他又喝了点儿水（ tā yòu hē le diǎn ér shuǐ）（He drank a little bit more water）indicates an objective repetition of the act of drinking on his part ,which is already done ,whereas 你再喝点儿水（nǐ zài hē diǎn ér shuǐ）（Please drink a little bit more water）expresses a subjective request for the person to drink more water ,which is not realized yet .More examples below:
一般来说，“又”大多表示在说话者看来乃是客观性的某一行动的重复或继续，而且这一重复已经完成。另一方面，“再”则经常表示在说话者眼里乃是一种主观性的动作的重复或继续，而且这一重复常要在将来实现。因此，“他又喝了点儿水”表示的是一种客观性的他喝水的重复举动，已经实现。而“你再喝点儿水”则表示一种主观性的要求，要这个人再多喝点儿水，这个重复举动还未实现。更多例子如下：
·昨天他迟到，今天他又迟到了。
zuó tiān tā chí dào ，jīn tiān tā yòu chí dào le 。
（He was late yesterday and he was late again today.）
·明天要是再迟到，我们就不让你进来了。
míng tiān yào shi zài chí dào ，wǒ men jiù bù ràng nǐ jìn lái le 。
（If you will be late again tomorrow, we will not let you in.）

Although 又 is mostly used in situation where the action has already taken place ,it can also be used to indicate the repetition of an action that is yet to take place .In this case ,the action is either a periodic occurrence or an action that is prearranged .In contrast ,再does not have such connotation.
虽然“又”在大多数场合是用于表示动作已经发生，但它也可用于表示重复的动作或事情还未发生时。在这种情况下，所发生的重复应式周期性的事情或是事先预定的动作。“再”没有这种含义。
·明天又是星期一，我们又要上课。
míng tiān yòu shì xīng qī yī ，wǒ men yòu yào shàng kè 。
（Tomorrow is Monday again and we will again have our class.）
·新年又要来了。
xīn nián yòu yào lái le
（The new year will soon come round.）

对、对于
These two prepositions can all be translated as “for” or “with regard to”, etc. in English in various contexts and are sometimes interchangeable with one another ,but they differ in connotation and usage.
在不同的上下文中，这四个介词都可英译为“for”或“with regard to”等，而且有时也可互换使用，但其含义和用法不同。
对and对于 are similar in the sense that both are used either to introduce an object to be commented upon or to indicate the connections between people .thing or actions ,which is similar to “with regard to”, “concerning” or “for” as a preposition in English. However ,对，but not 对于,can also be used in the sense of 向（xiàng）（towards）or朝（cháo）（towards），etc. to indicate the object of the verbal action ,e.g. 我对她说（wǒ duì tā shuō）(I said to her）,or 我们对他的工作表示满意（ wǒ men duì tā de gōng zuò biǎo shì mǎn yì）（We expressed our satisfaction with his work）.Therefore, generally speaking ,对can replace 对于,wherever 对于is used ,but 对于may not replace 对in any situation, as the previous sentences serve to show. In terms of language style ,对is more often used in colloquial speech ,while 对于can appear in both speech in both speech and in writing.
“对”和“对于”类似，因为两者都用来引进一个谈论的对象或表示人、事物、行为间的关系，同英文里的“with regard to”，“concerning”或介词“for”类似。不过，“对”（“对于”不能）还能表示“向”或“朝”等意思，指示动作的对象，比如“我对她说”或“我们对他的工作表示满意”。因此，一般来说，用“对于”的地方都可以换用“对”，但是正如以上两例所示，用“对”的地方却不一定能用“对于”来替换。从语体上来看，“对”常用于口语，而“对于”则口语和书面语都可用。
·对（于）这个问题，你们一定要尽快解决。
duì （yú ）zhè ge wèn tí ，nǐ men yī dìng yào jǐn kuài jiě jué 。
（For this problem, you must try to solve it as soon as possible.）
·她没对我说实话。
tā méi duì wǒ shuō shí huà 。
（She didn’t tell me the truth .）
There are some further complications with the different between 对and对于in terms of their usage. First ,对，but not 对于，is usually used to express relationships between people ; and secondly ,a prepositional phrase with 对is more flexible than a prepositional phrase with 对于in its position in a sentence .The former (对)can be placed before or after an auxiliary verb or an adverb ,and it can also be used before a subject (usually with a pause),whereas the latter (对于)can only be used before an auxiliary verb/adverb. When used before a subject , it is usually with a pause ,too.
“对”和“对于”在用法上还有些更多的不同。首先，表示人与人之间的关系时，一般用“对”而不用“对于”。其次，“对”介词短语比“对于”介词短语灵活，前者可置于助动词或副词的前后，也可置于主语之间（一般要有停顿），而后者则只能放在助动词或副词之前。若放在主语之前，一般也要有停顿。

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