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Chinese Grammer2-[XMandarin Chinese Course]

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正/在/正在
All these three adverbs are used to indicate the continuous aspect of a verbal action .They function more or less the same in this sense. However, a few things need to be noticed in their usage.
这三个副词都可被用来表示动作的持续，其意思基本相同。但是在用法上有几点要注意。
1）正emphasizes the time in which an action, is going on (when it is being carried out), 在stresses the state of the action (what it is doing ),whereas 正在indicates the combination of the two: both time and state(what is being carried out and when).Therefore 他正写着呢（tā zhèng xiě zhe ne）indicate that at the present moment he is writing .他在写（tā zài xiě），on the other hand, implies that he is writing now and not doing anything else. 他正在写  （tā zhèng zài xiě）expresses both his action at the present time and his action of writing rather than other actioins.
1)“正”着重于表示动作持续的时间（什么进行时候），“在”强调动作的状态（正在做什么），而“正在”则综合两者，既表示时间，又表示状态（什么时候进行及正在进行什么。）所以，“他正写着呢”表示此时此刻他在写；“他在写”则表示现在他正在写，没做其他的事；而“他正在写”则表达了他此时此刻的动作和他只写而没做其他事这两层意思.
2)Different from both 在and 正在，正itself cannot be followed by a verb alone and needs some other elements after the verb .So it is usually used in the patterns of “正+verb+着/呢/着呢”：e.g. one can say 他正看呢 tā zhèng kàn ne（He is watching ）,他正看着tā zhèng kàn zhe（He is watching ），or 他正看着呢tā zhèng kàn zhe ne（He is watching ），but not *他正看tā zhèng kàn，which will sound incomplete.
2）与“在”和“正在”不同，“正”后不能只跟动词本身，而一般要用在像“正+动词+着/呢/着呢”这样的句型中。比如，可以说“他正看呢”，“他正看着”或“他正看着呢”，但不可以说“*他正看”，因为句子听上去不完整。
3)Unlike 正and正在，在cannot be followed by the preposition 从（cóng）（from），So 太阳正/正在从东方升起（tài yáng zhèng zhèng zài cóng dōng fāng shēng qǐ）（The sun is rising from the east）is fine ,but it will be incorrect to say*太阳在从东方升起（ tài yáng zài cóng dōng fāng shēng qǐ）。
3)同“正”和“正在”不一样，“在”后面不能直接跟介词“从”。所以，“太阳正/正在从东方升起”可以，但“*太阳在从东方升起”则是错句。
4）Also unlike 正and 正在。在can suggest an action that has been off and on for a while or an action that is going on for a long period of time. In these cases, 正is often used together with such adverbs as 一直yī zhí（constantly，always），反复fǎn fù（repeatedly），常常chángcháng（often），总zǒng（always），etc.
4)同“正”和“正在”不一样，“在”也可以用来表示反复进行的动作，或长期持续进行的动作。在这些情况下，“在“往往同另一些副词如“一直” “常常”或“总”等一起用。
· 三年来，爸爸一直在关心着你的学习。
ān nián lái ，bà ba yī zhí zài guān xīn zhe nǐ de xué xí 。
（Dad has been showing his concern for your studies for the last three years）
· 他也常常在思考这个问题。
tā yě cháng cháng zài sī kǎo zhè ge wèn tí 。
（He has also been thinking about the issue often）.

“就”和“才” “就”and“才”
副词“就”和“才”都放在动词前面作状语。
The adverbs “就”and “才” are used before verbs to function as adverbials.
“就”表示不久即将发生。例如：
“就”means something is about to happen ,e.g.
1）你等一下，她马上就来。
2）现在六点，飞机六点半就到。
“才“表示事情在不久前刚刚发生。例如：
“才”means something has just happened .
1)      我才到家。
2)      她才来半年就已经说得不错了。
“就”还表示事情发生得早、块、容易做或进行得顺利等。例如：
“就”is also used to suggest earliness. Quickness and easiness of an act ,or that something is going on smoothly,e.g.
1)      她来中国以前就学汉语了。
2)      不要两个小时，一个小时就到了。
3)      她吃了两片药感冒就好了。
4)      我早就下班了。
“才”表示事情发生得晚、慢、不容易或进行得不顺利。例如：
“才”is used to indicates lateness ,slowness or difficultness of an act ,or that something is going on unsmoothly,e.g.
1)      昨天他十点钟才起床。
2)      八点上课，她八点才来。
我等了半天车才来。

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