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Blue and white porcelain

"Blue and white wares" (Chinese: 青花; qīng-huā; literally: "Blue flowers") designate
white pottery and porcelain decorated under the glaze with a blue pigment, generally
cobalt oxide. The decoration is commonly applied by hand, bystencilling or by
transfer-printing, though other methods of application have also been used.

The technique of cobalt blue decorations seems to have come from the Middle-East
in the 9th century through decorative experimentation on white ware. Cobalt blue
pigments were excavated from local mines in central Iran from the 9th century, and
then were exported as a raw material to China.

The blue-and-white technique was fully developed in China with porcelain technology
in the 14th century. On some occasions, Chinese blue and white wares also
incorporated Islamic designs, as in the case of some Mamluk brass works which were
converted into blue and white Chinese porcelain designs. Tang and Song blue-and-white

Early Chinese blue and white porcelain, manufactured circa 1335, that is about the
Yuan dynasty period Jingdezhen.

The first Chinese blue and white wares were as early as the ninth century in Henan
province, China; although only shards have been discovered. Tang period
blue-and-white is even rarer than Song blue-and-white and was unknown before 1985.
The Tang pieces are not porcelain however, but rather earthenwares with greenish
white slip, using cobalt blue pigments which probably originated in the Middle-East.
The only three pieces of complete "Tang blue and white" in the world were recovered
from IndonesianBelitung shipwreck in 1998 and later sold to Singapore.
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